National Human Rights Commission Research Articles

제4차 국가인권정책기본계획 수립을 위한 검토

It has been more than a year since the end of the 3rd National Action Plan for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (NAP), which had its five-year implementation period from 2018 to 2022, but the 4th NAP has not yet been established. Originally, the 4th NAP should have been established as a five-year plan from 2023 to 2027, but since it is already 2024, it should be established as a five-year plan from 2024 to 2028. The NAP, which was initially established in 2007, had a one-year gap in 2016 when the 2nd NAP was ended, but at that time, there were special circumstances in which the presidential election was held due to the impeachment of the president of Park Geun Hye. And it is very unusual that the establishment of the government’s basic policy plan has been delayed for more than a year without such special circumstances.
 In July 2022, the National Human Rights Commission of Korea (NHRCK) has already adopted the recommended draft for the 4th NAP and recommended the President to establish the 4th NAP. Of course, the Ministry of Justice, which is in charge of establishing the NAP within the government, was not just sitting idle. The evaluation of implementation the 3rd NAP had been conducted through external research services from April to August 2022, and a public hearing was held in August 2023 to listen to the opinions of experts in related human rights fields while presenting the draft of the 4th NAP. However, since this public hearing, the establishment process of the 4th NAP has been continuously delayed for nearly seven months.
 I hope that the 4th NAP, which is a government’s blueprint for human rights policy of the Republic of Korea over the next five years, will be established without further delay, and I will examine the composition and individual tasks of the 4th NAP, focusing on the tasks for the civil and political rights.

안면인식기술과 개인정보보호

Face recognition technology is a method that utilizes thermal infrared photography, three-dimensional measurement, and skeletal analysis to scan, store, and recognize facial shapes or thermal images. It verifies identity by comparing facial images captured by cameras with those in a stored photo database. This technology is extensively applied in various sectors, such as identity verification and access control, due to its high accuracy and quick identification capabilities. The advancement of facial recognition technology, coupled with CCTV, the Internet of Things (IoT), and widespread network connections, is materializing dystopian fears concerning omnipresent surveillance and the ensuing erosion of privacy. Additionally, biased facial recognition technology may serve as a tool for discrimination, infringing upon the rights and freedoms of minorities and other marginalized groups. In 2023, the National Human Rights Commission of The Republic of Korea issued a statement regarding human rights violations facilitated by facial recognition technology and urged the Speaker of the National Assembly and the Prime Minister to actively respond. The statement highlighted that direct observation of individuals' faces in public spaces by the state could limit citizens' freedom of movement and lead to unwarranted surveillance. Given the unique nature of biometric information, such as facial recognition technology, the repercussions of data breaches and misuse are more severe compared to other types of personal information. Specifically, real-time facial recognition technology that targets an unspecified number of individuals in public spaces without their consent may infringe upon the right to privacy and informational self-determination, as well as other fundamental rights including privacy, freedom of assembly, and freedom of association. Furthermore, real-time facial recognition security systems pose challenges in terms of privacy protection and invasion. Hence, the security of collected facial data, defenses against hacking threats, and the secure management of facial databases require thorough examination. This study explores the legal framework and international legislative trends related to biometric information, including facial recognition technology, to identify measures for protecting personal information and ensuring the safe use of this technology.

A rights‐based approach to the choice of forum in climate displacement litigation: Lessons from the Americas

AbstractFew studies address climate litigation and climate forced mobility together, and the link between climate litigation and internal forced climate displacement remains poorly addressed. This article aims to participate in filling this void. We focus on climate displacement litigation argued before regional human rights courts (the Inter‐American Court) and national human rights protection bodies (the Mexican Commission) to determine the adequacy of each from the perspective of potential litigants. We address institutional, procedural and positive law within the context of water scarcity. We find that while institutional and procedural aspects reveal the potential of the Inter‐American Court in ruling on climate displacement cases, the application of the positive obligations doctrine by the Mexican National Human Rights Commission is more disaggregated and a priori suitable to ground the course of action of potential litigants.

Symbiotic Justice: Hate Crimes, Police Humiliation, and Layered Legal Consciousness in Dalit Human Rights

This article responds to scholarly critiques, which highlight the failures of hate crime legislation in delivering justice to historically oppressed groups. Drawing on ethnographic data on the mobilisation of India's only hate crime law – the Prevention of Atrocities (PoA) Act– among Dalit (untouchable) communities, the article proposes that the potential of hate crime law to create a restitution must be analysed in conversation with other social justice frameworks. In India, Dalit legal aid advocates interweave hate crime cases with a culturally specific discourse of Dalit human rights. By strategically bringing “failed” PoA investigations before India's National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), Dalit advocates hold the police accountable for negligent investigations, while also creating collective affects of hope for survivors of casteist crimes. This process, which I call symbiotic justice, engenders a form of legal consciousness, which regards hate crime law as a creative tool that can offer new avenues of agency.

Transitional justice at the National Human Rights Commission of Nepal: challenging legitimacy, credibility, and effectiveness

ABSTRACT In the past three decades, national human rights institutions (NHRIs) have becoming an increasingly common feature of transitional and post-conflict justice processes. As institutions designed to promote and protect human rights, they have been afforded a range of responsibilities, including investigating conflict-related human rights violations, assisting with the establishment and functioning of ad hoc mechanisms like truth and reconciliation commissions, and contributing to accountability. Drawing on evidence from the case of Nepal, however, this article demonstrates that engaging in transitional justice processes places NHRIs at considerable risk. It argues, in particular, that the political nature of transitional justice and compromises it inevitably entails can serve to jeopardise the legitimacy, credibility, and effectiveness of NHRIs. The article thus concludes that far greater consideration of the impact that transitional justice has on NHRIs and development of measures to protect their integrity in highly fraught political contexts is required.

Human Rights amongst COVID-19: CAT Convention

Thailand’s strength to uphold human rights remains crucial in developing a positive international standard. However, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an extensive research debate to ensure human rights’ adequateness and protective framework. The objective of this research is to enrich our understanding of the legal frameworks related to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment of 1984 (CAT), and the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E. 2560 (2017), which are significant legal instruments that impact the international and national population. This study adopted a comprehensive SWOT-PESTEL methodology, which involves internal variable assessment through Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threats (SWOT) and external variables, including Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environment, and Legal (PESTEL). Case studies and the legal positivism approach are integrated to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of international and national legal frameworks. The research findings emphasize the need for Thailand to revise the National Human Rights Commission and relevant laws. Therefore, ensure the conduct of responsible investigations and the creation of a specialized court for protecting human rights, considering the limited availability of experts, specialists, judges, lawyers, prosecutors, researchers, academics, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-06-012 Full Text: PDF

Personalization of Executive Power After COVID-19 Onset in South Korea

How has COVID-19 affected the personalization of executive power in South Korea? To answer this question, we draw on the conceptual framework of personalization concerning democracies and autocracies. We find that, personalization attempts were made via mechanism of personnel management (e.g., the appointment of allies within the pandemic-response bureaucracy) and via mechanism violence which consists of enacting the Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention Act, which restricted the freedom of assembly of anti-government forces. However, personnel management was more pronounced than the mechanism of violence due to the role of administrative courts and the National Human Rights Commission, which prevented an outright ban of freedom of assembly. Under the Park administration, many personalization attempts were made but not fully realized due to the fragmented command chain within the pandemic bureaucracy. We discuss the prospects of continued personalization under the Yoon administration via personnel management in the pandemic bureaucracy.

Human Rights and Equality Commissions in Kenya and Their Role in Tackling Poverty and Economic Inequality

This article explores the significance of the Kenya National Human Rights Commission (‘KNCHR’) and the National Gender and Equality Commission (‘NGEC’), as independent ‘fourth branch’ institutions protecting democracy (‘IPDs’) in Kenya, in promoting and protecting human rights, democracy and addressing poverty and economic inequality. It provides a conceptual background for the establishment of the two Commissions and evaluates their functions and effectiveness compared to civil society organisations with similar roles. It then examines the unique role of the Commissions in addressing poverty and economic inequality and their accomplishments in upholding the rule of law, democratic ideals and human rights in Kenya. The article also analyses the challenges faced by the Commissions in achieving their goals and the opportunities arising from their emergence as fourth branch IPDs. Finally, it concludes that the constitutional entrenchment of the KNCHR and NGEC provides them with credibility, legitimacy and freedom to carry out their work effectively. However, resource constraints and dependence on political goodwill may hinder their effectiveness in translating human rights, particularly socio-economic rights, into reality. Despite these challenges, the Commissions’ oversight, investigation and complaint handling roles are critical in preventing and addressing poverty and economic inequality through data-driven transformation and collaborative efforts.

Korean Judicial Decision

Abstract In 2021, the National Human Rights Commission of Korea made recommendations to the Minister of Oceans and Fisheries for the promotion of human rights of migrant seafarers. In response, the Minister of Oceans and Fisheries stated that in order to improve working conditions and strengthen labor supervision, regular inspections of the working conditions of offshore fisheries (biannual) and deep-sea fisheries (quarterly) have been carried out. In 2022, the Seafarer Act was amended by introducing a new provision mandating the education on the protection of labor rights and human rights of seafarers. In 2023, the Commission reviewed and determined that the response of the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries partially accepted the recommendations. However, concerns were raised over the lack of response regarding the recommendation to establish legal standards of working conditions per Article 32 Paragraph 3 of the Constitution. The Commission is of the opinion that the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries must take on a more active role to legally guarantee migrant seafarers’ working conditions, to prevent human rights violations and discrimination against such workers, and to prevent excessive recruitment fees and unjust fees incurred by recruitment agencies to be borne by the migrant seafarers.

SDG 2030 Agenda and Human Rights in Nigeria: Assessing Legislative Challenges and Strategies to Foster Inclusivity

As the global community strives to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 Agenda, Nigeria, as Africa's most populous nation and largest economy, plays a critical responsibility in achieving these ambitious goals. The study critically assessed the legislative challenges that impede the realization of both human rights and the SDGs in Nigeria. Human rights have taken a significant role in international jurisdictions, transcending geographical boundaries, inclusive of rights inherent to all individuals by virtue of their humanity. While promoting the right of life, liberty, fair trial, and human dignity, are enshrined in the Nigerian Constitution, instances of human rights violations persist, despite the presence of human rights groups and the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). This paper examined human rights scholarly literature in Nigeria, identifying key challenges facing the achievement of SDG 2030 of United Nations, whose main agenda seeks to enhance public access to information and protect human rights in line with national and international agreements. It highlights institutional barriers, and the need for improved policy coherence to create an enabling environment for sustainable development. This study identifies challenges stemming from inadequate monitoring systems, manipulation of adjudication processes, low salaries, indebtedness, and security deficiencies. To foster inclusivity and progress, the researcher proposes a multifaceted approach that combines legal reforms, policy interventions, and civil society engagement. Specific strategies include the enactment of comprehensive human rights legislation, targeted measures to address social and economic inequalities, accountability, judicial autonomy, public awareness and participation to empower the populace to seek redress for rights violations. These strategies aim to create a synergy between human rights and SDGs, aligning national priorities with global objective

인권교육경험이 장애아동 인권침해·차별 피해에 미치는 영향

As a result of the survey on human rights awareness in Korea, the disabled ranked second among the groups that are subject to human rights violations or discrimination. Human rights violations and discrimination against the disabled were the highest in the 2022 National Human Rights Commission of Korea's human rights survey. The respect for human rights of the disabled was significantly lower than that of the socially disadvantaged groups such as women, children, adolescents, and the elderly. In addition, it was found that education on human rights for the “disabled” is the most urgent among human rights education. As a first step toward not discriminating against the disabled, it is important to improve the perception of the disabled and the discrimination environment through human rights education. There are many studies on abuse of children with disabilities, but studies on school violence, human rights violations, and discrimination against children with disabilities are far from sufficient. While research on school violence targeting non-disabled children is highly interested, no separate research has been conducted on disabled students in the “School Violence Survey”. In particular, human rights violations and discrimination against children with disabilities affect even after graduation. In the case of discrimination against human rights violations, it is difficult to decide on a career path, as well as negative perceptions of employment, self-efficacy, and interpersonal skills are lower, and both social and daily life have difficulty adapting. Therefore, by examining the damage experiences of disabled children that have not been covered in the study of discrimination against human rights violations, this study attempted to analyze the impact of human rights education experiences on human rights violations and discrimination.

Medical and legal features of the functioning of the healthcare system of the Republic of India

The article discusses the features of the healthcare system in India. Medical care is based on a number of regulatory legal acts that have defined the federal structure of the healthcare system and the rules of financing. National laws define the principles of healthcare organization in order to provide timely quality medical care to the entire population of the State. The peculiarities of Indian healthcare is the fact that society is divided on many grounds, that is, into religion, castes, races, skin color and political parties. These features lead to health inequalities. The Constitution of India establishes that human rights relating to life, freedom, equality and dignity of the individual are guaranteed by the Constitution itself, International Covenants and are subject to enforcement by the courts of India. These provisions triggered the creation of new executive bodies in the field of health: the National Human Rights Commission, as well as Human Rights Commissions in all states and courts. According to international experts, India’s medical innovation activity is rated as one of the most progressive forms (creativity and efficiency) in global healthcare. Such a result is not accidental, since India’s role in global health is based on an adequate domestic national medical policy.

Bilkish Bano Case Analysis

In my research paper, I talked about the Bilkish Bano case, In 2002, the Indian riots in Gujarat resulted in over 1,000 deaths, primarily among Muslims. Bilkis Bano, a Muslim woman, attempted to evacuate her hometown with her family. On March 3, 2002, she and her mother were brutally abused and raped in the Sabarmati Express massacre. After regaining consciousness, she filed a complaint with the National Human Rights Commission and the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court requested a CBI probe, leading to 11 of Bano's attackers being found guilty and given life sentences. But one of the accused filed an appeal for remission which was allowed by the Hon'ble Gujarat High Court.

The Evaluation of Alleged Defamation: A Forensic Linguistics Analysis

Defamation remains a prevalent occurrence on a global scale. In Indonesia, the fervor surrounding the outcomes of the 2014 presidential election contestation has led to a noticeable escalation in the level of fanaticism among supporters of the respective presidential and vice-presidential candidates. Frequently, the act of posting tweets on the social media platform Twitter can result in the author becoming entangled in a legal dispute pertaining to defamation. The objective of this research is to investigate the potential occurrence of defamation committed by Natalius Pigai, the former National Human Rights Commission (Komnas HAM) member. The analytical framework employed in this study to assess the linguistic techniques employed in the data, with the aim of identifying potential instances of defamation, was Appraisal Theory as proposed by Martin and White (2005). The data was extracted from a Twitter post authored by Natalius Pigai (@NataliusPigai2) on October 1, 2021. The findings indicated that Jokowi and Ganjar were subjected to poor evaluation in relation to their treatment of the Papuan population. The presence of this adverse evaluation also gives rise to the possibility of defamation in accordance with the provisions outlined in the Criminal Code and the ITE Law. The presence of credible factual evidence supports the assertion that Natalius Pigai's tweet can be classified as hate speech, which has the potential to result in defamation. The findings derived from this study could potentially facilitate the application of law enforcement strategies in the Indonesian police investigation, as well as in other nations that are undertaking comparable reforms to those observed in Indonesia.    

학생으로서 학생선수 학습권에 관한 소고(小考)

Elite sports education in Korea has structural contradictions. In other words, the process of elite sports is that professional exercise instructors provide intensive and systematic education for talented players. However, it is judged that since life sports are not active except for some sports in Korea, in many cases, talents are often discovered by starting elite sports education first. Furthermore, such elite sports education is directly linked to the college admission process for sport-specialty students, which means that the decision to quit athletics in the middle is to give up going to college, so student-athletes have no choice but to continue training and participating in competitions, even if they are not athletically gifted.
 As a result of a complete enumeration survey by the National Human Rights Commission of Korea, it was investigated that school classes were not being conducted properly in the case of student-athletes. Although remedial classes are supposed to make up for missing classes through the e-school system, in addition to an issue about the fidelity of learning when taking e-school, more importantly, e-school classes cannot replace character education and socialization education as a member of the community to be acquired in school life. Just the initial idea of introducing the e-school system for student-athletes meant that the Ministry of Education itself acknowledged the deficiencies of regular classes due to the activities of school athletic clubs, but it did not prepare an alternative to character education and socialization education.
 Character education and socialization education, such as the acquisition of universal knowledge for independent living of each citizen, as well as the virtues required as members of a social community, can be said to be essential elements for survival as a human being. That is why the Constitution stipulates the compulsory education system as a responsibility of the state.
 The recent measure by the Ministry of Education to expand the number of days acknowledged as attendance for student-athletes is an act of neglecting the state's obligations for 6 years of elementary education and 3 years of secondary education, which are stipulated in the Constitution. If school education with a public nature is disrupted by private education in the structure of school sports, it means that the state has rather taken advantage of school sports power despite its duty and responsibility to regulate appropriately for the normalization of school education. It would be reasonable for the government to face up to the structural problems of elite sports education and present solutions.

5·18 당시 계엄군에 의한 여성 성폭력 사건에 대한 국제형사재판소(ICC) 및 국내법원에의 제소 가능성

State-level investigations into state violence that occurred during the May 18 Democratization Movement were conducted several times. So far, the investigation has focused on the truth about excessive suppression, firing and shooting from helicopters by martial law forces. However, the fact-finding of the case of sexual violence against women committed by martial law troops at that time was not properly investigated. In this situation, courageous testimonies of women victims of sexual violence were reported in the media, including the Hankyoreh Newspaper, Yonhap News and SBS Broadcasting in May 2018. As a result, society became aware of the seriousness of the problem.
 The Ministry of National Defense, the National Human Rights Commission of Korea, and the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family launched the “Joint Investigation Team for Sexual Violence by the May 18 Martial Law Forces” in June 2018. As a result of the investigation, a number of violations of women's human rights, such as sexual harassment, were found, including 17 cases of sexual assault by martial law troops at the time. And the May 18 Democratization Movement Truth Committee, which was launched in January 2020, is closely investigating cases of sexual violence against women by martial law forces. According to the May 18 committee's investigation results, at least two of the victims of sexual assault were revealed to be high school girls, and it was found that group sexual assault occurred at least twice.
 In particular, after the results of the investigation by the Joint Investigation Team were announced in 2018, the public demanded that not only the direct perpetrators of sexual violence, but also the commanders of related units be identified and punished criminally. It is expected that the demand for such criminal punishment for those involved will increase even more after the results of the investigation by the May 18 committee are finally announced.
 In this regard, the statute of limitations has been completed at the present time. Therefore, there is no longer a right to prosecute, and criminal punishment is impossible. On the other hand, some have suggested that cases of sexual violence against women by martial law forces can be prosecuted at the International Criminal Court(ICC) because they fall under Article 7 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. In addition, even if it is difficult to prosecute the ICC, there is a view that the perpetrators of sexual violence can be prosecuted and punished in domestic courts based on the criminality of ‘crime against humanity’, which was an international crime in 1980, based on customary international law.
 Therefore, in this paper, first, in relation to the case of sexual violence against women by martial law troops at the time of the May 18, the results of the Joint Investigation Team's investigation of sexual violence against women by martial law troops were briefly reviewed(Ⅱ). Second, as a result of the investigation by the Joint Investigation Team and the May 18 committee, if the substantive true of the case of sexual violence against women by martial law forces was revealed, and the direct perpetrators and related martial law commanders were identified, the possibility of prosecuting them to the International Criminal Court was reviewed(Ⅲ). Thirdly, if criminal punishment through the International Criminal Court is difficult for the relevant person, the possibility of prosecuting them in a domestic court and punishing them was reviewed(Ⅳ).

Protection of Human Rights Against Women in an International Legal Perspective

Violations of human rights against women are still a serious debate, because there are still many women who experience acts of human rights violations, even though the National Human Rights Commission and the National Women's Commission have been initiated, it is not a guarantee that human rights violations against women will not occur. Sexual violence in international law develops according to the circumstances when acts of violence occur. sexual, where the act of sexual violence occurs. This occurs in conditions of armed conflict or in conditions where there is no armed conflict, namely in domestic life and at work. Sexual violence International law is regulated in many cases, including the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of 1974, which classifies sexual violence as the most serious crime. Apart from that, it is also regulated in the general agreement to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women, if the regulations are stricter, preventive measures related to protection against sexual violence are in accordance with this Convention. The National Commission on Violence Against Women has also classified gender-based violence

Present Scenario of Human Rights Violation in Bangladesh

Different national and international bodies are concerned about human rights violations in Bangladesh. The study has tried to discover the scenario of human rights in Bangladesh. Data have been collected from the National Human Rights Commission Bangladesh (NHRCB) from 2011 to 2021. Human rights violations are increasing in the country. On average, yearly, disposal and non-disposal cases are 56.7% and 43.3%, respectively, of total complaints at NHRCB. Due to human rights violations, less than 31% of incidences are filed as complaints at NHRCB, while more than 69% of events are not filed. Marder, women violence, rape, child rape, and kidnapping are the top violence types in Bangladesh. As the present government of Bangladesh is already under pressure for human rights violations, analysis based on government data may underestimate the actual scenario. So, further studies are required based on data from the non-governmental organization to get a better picture of human rights in Bangladesh.

Determination of the Level of Prevalence of Disrespect and Abuse of Women during Child-Birth in the Major Hospitals in Yenagoa, South-South Nigeria

This study aimed to determine the level of disrespect and abuse of women during childbirth in two hospitals in Yenagoa metropolis in South-South Nigeria. It was a cross-sectional survey carried out on 165 mothers who delivered within 6 weeks (August and September 2018), using a purposive sampling method. Data was collected using the Level of Disrespect and Abuse of Women during Childbirth Scale (LDAWCS). Prevalence of disrespect and abuse during childbirth in selected hospitals was low with 26.7 % (n=44) of women experiencing at least one form. The most frequent types of D&A were; detention for non-payment of bills 50.3% (n=83), women never allowed to choose a birthing position, carrying out procedures without consent 39.4% (n=65), women left naked in the view of many staff 29.7% (n=49) and women abandoned during labour 21.2% (n=35). There was a significant relationship between disrespect and demographic characteristics of parity and education, marital status, ethnicity, income and occupation had moderate evidence of a relationship with disrespect and abuse while age and religion showed no significant relationship with D &A at α = 0.05 level of significance. National human rights commission should look into cases of D & A of women and they should be encouraged to report such cases as they leave the premises for proper action to be taken. Professional bodies like the Nursing/Midwifery Council of Nigeria, Nigeria Medical Association etc., should investigate and institute disciplinary action against any member found to have disrespected and abused women during childbirth.

Efektifitas Pemberian Hasil Rekomendasi Penyelidikan Komnas HAM Terhadap Dugaan Pelanggaran HAM Kepada Lembaga Negara

Human rights are the basis of a country in forming all provisions in the life of the nation and state which are the natural rights of every human being. The establishment of the National Human Rights Commission as an independent institution, is also based on Article 28 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which confirms that; protecting, promoting, upholding and fulfilling human rights is the responsibility of the state. This article analyzes one of the functions of Komnas HAM, namely having the authority to investigate alleged cases of human rights violations and issuing recommendations based on the investigation. The purpose of this article is to find out the effectiveness of providing state institutions with the results of investigation recommendations by the National Human Rights Commission on alleged human rights violations. This article uses a research method. This type of empirical juridical research. The results of the study found that first, according to Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights and Law Number 26 of 2000 concerning Human Rights Courts that in protecting and guaranteeing human rights, the National Human Rights Commission has a role and function of reviewing , research, counseling, monitoring, mediation, and has the authority to investigate alleged cases of gross human rights violations, as well as issue recommendations afterward. Second, the recommendations issued by Komnas HAM after the investigation was carried out were public law acts because they resulted in a legal relationship between Komnas HAM and the Government as the recipient of the recommendations and the substance of Komnas HAM's recommendations regarding the existence of a case of human rights violations and various solutions in its settlement as well as the results of recommendations issued by Komnas HAM does not have binding and coercive legal force like court decisions which have executorial value. For this reason, some recommendations from the National Commission on Human Rights were followed up by the target state agencies, some were not.